پروژه های آماده پرستاری

این پروژه یک مقاله آماده با موضوع، استانداردسازی کانولاسیون وریدی محیطی (PIV) در ۶ صفحه ورد می باشد. در ادامه چکیده ای از این مقاله را خواهیم داشت: چکیده: Standardizing Peripheral Intravenous (PIV) Cannulation: Evaluating SOPs in Preventing Catheter-Related Complications literature review Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are small, flexible tubes inserted into a peripheral vein for the administration of fluids, medications, blood products, or for diagnostic purposes (Carr et al., 2018; Sabri et al., 2013). The history of this device dates back to the 17th century, where the first reported device was constructed from a bird's quill (Millam, 1996; Rivera et al., 2005). By the 1830s, "small silver tubes" were in use (Cazanet, 1989), followed by the development of a reusable steel needle with an internal stylet (Rivera et al., 2005). During that era, complications such as phlebitis and catheter dislodgement were reported (Rivera et al., 2005; Duffy, 1949), most likely attributable to the rigid and inflexible steel construction of the catheter. In the mid-20th century, PIVCs were manufactured from plastic tubing (polyvinyl chloride) encasing a Sterling silver needle (Southorn & Narr, 2008). Over the years, catheter materials have evolved towards softer and smoother options, including polyethylene (Duffy, 1949), Teflon, polypropylene, and more recently polyurethane, aimed at reducing venous irritation (Rivera et al., 2005). Recent innovations to improve modern catheter performance include closed systems (Pinelli & Pittiruti, 2021; van Zundert, 2005), integrated sets (Rivera et al., 2005; Pinelli & Pittiruti, 2021), and winged features (van Zundert, 2005). Despite advancements in catheter materials and design, complication rates, including infection, remain problematic (Capdevila et al., 2016; Maki et al., 2006; Marsh et al., 2020). Although infection rates are reported to be relatively low, the sheer global volume of devices used (approximately 2 billion annually worldwide) (Alexandrou et al., 2018) renders this a significant clinical concern. The source of infection in PIVC-associated bloodstream infections is often Staphylococcus aureus, which is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare burden (Capdevila et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2021). PIVCs are also prone to failure due to other complications, such as phlebitis, infiltration, dislodgement, and occlusion (Marsh et al., 2020; Wallis et al., 2014). Unacceptably high rates of PIVC failure (up to 50%) have been reported (Marsh et al., 2018; Indarwati et al., 2020), leading to unscheduled catheter removal and additional cannulation attempts (Cook et al., 2018; Larsen et al., 2017). To improve patient experiences, reduce PIVC failure, and optimize vascular health preservation, this issue has become a high priority for healthcare professionals.